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Formaldehyde Production Processes Formaldehyde is a main raw material for manufacturing value-added chemicals such as melamine, urea-formaldehyde and phenolic resins. The most common product is in a 37% aqueous solution, but concentration can be as high as 57%. Today, there are two main routes to produce formaldehyde in an industrial scale: oxidation-dehydrogenation using a silver catalyst, involving either the complete or incomplete conversion of methanol; and the direct oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde using metal oxide catalysts (Formox process). Process Basis Thecatalyticoxidation processis an optimized production method. It is a simple process as per the stoichiometric reaction steps shown below. Oxidation of methanol with oxygen present in the air CH3OH + ½ O2→ HCHO + H20 ?H = -37 Kcal 2. Pyrolysis endothermic reaction CH3OH → HCHO + H2 ?H = +20 Kcal 3. Side reaction – complete combustion producing heat

Older chemical processing plants often have a lot more to give. They may be decommissioned for a variety of reasons, and relocating the equipment to overcome those circumstances could prove economical for companies looking to save money. Moving chemical and processing plants across regions, or even oceans can provide several major benefits including: - Proximity to greater demand - Access to cheaper workforces or raw materials - Expanded operations - Escape from stringent industrial regulations - Money savings compared to purchasing new equipment - Time savings on engineering, specifications, production design, and documentation While the cost of purchasing an existing plant, dismantling and refurbishing the equipment, shipping it to a new location, and reassembling can seem like an impossible task, in many cases it can be significantly lower than purchasing new components and building a brand new plant. Once the decision to relocate has been made, extensive, detailed planning

Modern nitric acid plants are designed mostly according to three nitric acid processes: mono medium pressure, mono high pressure and dual pressure. Medium pressure at about 4 – 6 bar will be preferred where a high ammonia efficiency is decisive for the plant economics. High pressure of more than 8 – 12 bar is an advantage with regard to the absorption performance. The dual pressure process offers both of these advantages as this process combine a medium pressure combustion with the use of an absorption at higher pressure. Nitric acid plants are an important source of nitrous oxide (N2O). The concentration of N2O in the tail gas of nitric acid plants ranges between 800 – 2,000 ppm. Some countries have already limited the emissions of N2O to the atmosphere while many other countries will introduce restrictions in the future. Thus, emission reduction at nitric acid plants is also exercising the minds of suppliers of technology to nitric acid plants. Mono Medium