USED REFINERIES & REFINERY UNITS FOR SALE

Hydrogenation is a billion-dollar industry. Hydrogenating means to add hydrogen to something. According to Haldor Topsoe, hydrogenation comprises 48% of total hydrogen consumption, 44% of which is for hydrocracking and hydrotreating in refineries , and 4% for hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons (including hardening of edible oil) and of aromatics, hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones (for instance oxo-products), and hydrogenation of nitrobezene (for manufacture of aniline). Hydrocracking & Hydrotreating Industrially, hydrotreating and hydrocracking are performed in down flow ‘trickle bed reactors’, where the gas and the liquid feed are sent concurrently through a fixed bed plug flow reactor. Although the flow pattern in the reactor can be reasonably approximated, the observed kinetics in such a trickle bed reactor are quite often affected by minor unplanned oscillations in the flow. How the gas and liquid collide and mix together affects the end prod

Thermoplastics are a class of polymers, that with the application of heat, can be softened and melted, and can be processed either in the heat-softened state (e.g. by thermoforming) or in the liquid state (e.g. by extrusion and injection molding). Over 70% of the plastics used in the world are thermoplastics, and the two most commonly used thermoplastics are both olefins, compound made up of hydrogen and carbon that contains one or more pairs of carbon atoms linked by a double bond. These two olefins are polyethylene and polypropylene. Polyethylene Polyethylene is a tough, light, flexible synthetic resin made by polymerizing ethylene, chiefly used for plastic bags, food containers, and other packaging. It may be of low density or high density depending upon the process used in its manufacturing. It is resistant to moisture and most of the chemicals. It can be heat sealed and is flexible at room temperature (and low temperature), and in additional to its material properties,

In this article, we will show that a steam methane reformer (SMR) is critical in the production processes of hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol; as all three use the raw syngas produced by an SMR upstream in their synthesis. Syngas Production In what is called steam methane reforming, high-temperature steam (700°C–1,000°C) is used to produce raw syngas from a methane source, typically natural gas. Using a steam methane reformer (SMR), methane reacts with steam under 3–25 bar of pressure in the presence of a catalyst to produce hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide. The resulting gas mixture is called synthesis gas, or syngas for short; and is the raw ingredient in hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and methanol synthesis. Hydrogen Production Subsequently, in what is called the "water-gas shift reaction," raw syngas and steam are reacted using a catalyst to produce carbon dioxide and more hydrogen. In